A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Attention, Memory, Learning, and Fluency Deficits Associated with Gambling Behavior

Abstract

Objective: The study aimed to systematically review and analyze the association of gambling behavior with deficits in attention, memory, learning, verbal fluency, and figural fluency.

Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across 4 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science) using a set of keywords related to cognitive impairment and gambling behavior. The selection process began with de-duplication, followed by a preliminary screening of titles and abstracts, and a subsequent full-text review of relevant articles. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Checklists. Studies were categorized based on the cognitive domains evaluated. Qualitative data were used for the systematic review, comparing gambling groups with controls or independently. For the meta-analysis, quantitative data from neuropsychological tests were analyzed using fixed or random-effects models, depending on heterogeneity. All analyses were conducted using<Open Meta-Analyst software.

Results: Of the 12488 records initially screened, 303 articles were selected for a full-text review. Of these, 14 studies with an average quality score of 80.38% met the eligibility criteria, and 7 of them provided sufficient quantitative data for the meta-analysis. The findings indicated no substantial cognitive deficits in individuals with gambling behavior across the domains of attention, memory, learning, verbal fluency, and figural fluency.

Conclusion: The cognitive domains of attention, memory, learning, verbal fluency, and figural fluency remain intact in gamblers. While these domains may not require direct intervention, their stability can provide a foundational framework for implementing treatments that target other, potentially weaker cognitive and behavioral domains.

Cite this article as: Ahluwalia Y, Negi PS, Singh S, Sarkar S, Balhara YPS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of attention, memory, learning, and fluency deficits associated with gambling behavior. Neuropsychiatr Invest. 2025, 63, 0011, doi: 10.5152/NeuropsychiatricInvest.2025.25011.